THE  ROBERT  E.  COWAN  COLLECTION 

PKKSI  N  ri:i>    ni    nil 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIR 


C.  P.  HUNTINGTON 


Recession  No. 


Class  No.. 


.M^Cr7 


Topical  Outline  of 


Physiology  and  Civil  Government 


ESPECIALLY  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CALIFORNIA  STATE  SERIES. 


ELIZABETH  T.  MILLS, 

MARTINEZ, 
C  ALJFORN  IA. 


The  subject  matter  of  this  book,  though  taken 
from  the  California  State  Series,  may  be  found 
in  other  editions.  The  FACTS  of  physiology  and 
the  GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  of  civil  government 
remain  the  same,  however  they  may  be  arranged 
or  revised. 


STEPPING   STONES   FOR  STUDENT'S    FEET. 


Topical  Outline  of 


Plif siology  ami  Civil  Government 


ICSI'I-.CIAI.I.Y  ADAPTED   TO   THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE    SERIES. 


BY 

ELIZABETH  T.  MILLS, 

MARTINEZ. 


CALIFORNIA: 

PUHLISHED      HY      THK     AUTHOR. 


Kntered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1895,  by 

KUZABETH     T.     MILLS, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


PREFACE. 


These  books  may  be  used  for  language  exercises  and  as 
theme-books  for  topical  recitations.  It  has  become  neces- 
sary to  combine  language  with  text-books.  In  addition  to 
this,  it  is  sometimes  justifiable  to  lighten  a  teacher's  load 
by  making  the  lesson  easy  of  comprehension  and  free  in 
recitation. 

The  art  of  questioning  is  in  an  intelligent  analysis  of  a 
subject  with  complete  association  of  ideas.  This  strength- 
ens the  memory.  These  books  are  intended  to  accomplish 
this  result,  and  are  recommended  with  best  wishes. 

ELIZABETH  T.  MILLS. 


PART     I. 


Anatomy  and   Physiology. 


CHAPTER    I. 

THE  HUMAN  BODY. 

The  human  body  divided  into  how  many  parts,  what. 

The  Head,  parts;  outside,  how;  under  it,  skin,  box  for 
what,  what  called  where  flesh  is  thick,  tubes  filled  with 
what,  called  what;  cartilage,  where  found,  how  it  looks, 
name  substances;  cranial  cavity,  where;  orbital  cavity, 
ear,  mouth. 

The  Trunk,  usually  called  what,  different  parts,  back- 
bone, ribs;  what  two  cavities. 

The  Limbs,  are  what;  divisions  of  arm,  of  leg;  a  joint, 
their  use;  a  tendon,  where  found;  fat;  body  made  of  many 
substances,  like  what,  called  what. 

Tissues,  what,  how  differ. 

Fluids,  examples;  contain  what. 

Cells,  how  seen,  size,  number. 

Organs,  how  formed,  work,  names;  single  organs;  double 
organs. 

N//s7ems,  how  formed;  circulating  system,  digestive  sys- 
tem, absorbent  system,  how  connected,  dependent. 

Anutomy  tells  what  five  things. 

Physiology  teaches  what. 

Hygiene,  how  to  be  studied;  science. 

CHAPTER   II. 
BONES. 

The  Skeleton,  how  felt,  what  may  be  counted,  what  not; 
make  what;  contains  how  many. 

Flat  Bones,  what  shape  are  head  bones,  called  what;  ex- 
amples. 

Long  Bones,  how  made,  ends;  examples. 

Irregular  Bones;  examples. 


LANGUAGE: 


6  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Processes,  where  found,  uses,  effect  on  muscles,  of  mus- 
cular people;  mastoid  process,  use,  temple,  ridge  or  mus- 
cular attachment. 

Openings  in  Bone,  seen  where,  use  of  same. 

Color,  how  inside  the  body,  exposed  to  weather,  fresh. 

Cover,  appearance,  use,  name. 

Structure,  next  to  outside  cover,  next  to  that;  hollow 
bones,  filled  with  what;  bones  of  birds,  why;  the  ends. 

Microscopic  Structure,  shows  what;  canals,  tubes,  lake- 
like  places;  blood  passes  where,  why. 

Composition;  made  partly  of  what,  what  two  minerals. 

Experiments;  another  substance,  how  shown,  how  to  get 
rid  of  each;  in  experiments  how  is  the  shape,  use  of  each 
part. 

Proportion  of  Mineral  and  Animal  Matter,  varies  how,  in 
babies  how,  why;  in  older  persons;  bad  habit  for  babies; 
difference  in  different  people. 

Broken  Bone,  how  knit,  how  at  first;  ridge,  how  made, 
how  smoothed  down. 

Joints,  how  joined;  hand,  like  what,  called  what,  how 
oiled,  called  what;  how  hinge  joints  look,  ends,  membrane, 
bound  together;  ligaments,  look;  ball  and  socket  joints, 
examples;  plane  or  gliding  joints,  examples;  movable  joints, 
examples;  sutures,  where,  called  what,  under  part  of  back 
of  head,  curved  process,  cannot  twist,  how  held  in  place; 
pivot  joint;  result  of  broken  neck. 

Shape  of  Skull,  like  what,  why  strong;  sutures  add  what, 
why;  delicate  organs  protected. 

The  Ribs,  protect  what,  by  what,  number,  where  and 
how  fastened,  shape;  true  ribs,  false  ribs,  floating  ribs; 
danger  of  compressing. 

The  Hip  Bones  and  Spinal  Column,  where,  how  joined  to- 
gether, why;  how  is  every  bone  made;  why  called  spinal 
column,  incorrectly  called  what,  where  seen. 

Curves  and  Cartilage,  use  of;  how  in  the  morning,  at 
night. 

CHAPTER    III. 

MUSCLES. 

Muscle,  how  seen,  shape,  where. 

Contractility;  exercise  to  show  how  muscle  draws  up  in 
action,  how  when  not;  chief  characteristic;  pulls  what 
with  it;  how  connected. 


LANGUAGE: 


8  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Voluntary  and  Involuntary  Muscles;  what  is  done  to  move; 
what  is  the  heart,  how  moved,  what  has  no  control  over  it; 
by  what  are  some  muscles  controlled,  called  what;  how  are 
others,  called  what. 

Structure,  how  made,  seen  where,  not  alike;  how  invol- 
untary, called  what;  cells  in  both,  called  what,  found  where ; 
what  is  flesh  sheath,  connective  tissue,  use,  seen  where. 

Shape  and  Arrangement;  different  shapes,  arrangements, 
names. 

Action  of  Muscles,  striped  how,  why,  work  of  each. 

Flexors;  action,  muscle  called  what,  found  where. 

Extensors;  action,  called  what,  where  found;  how  in  the 
head;  action  of  lifting  arm,  hammering;  what  muscle  in 
front,  back. 

Muscular  Training,  kinds,  muscles  do  what,  which  are 
taught;  how  with  grown  people,  babies. 

Color,  how,  what  makes  it  different. 

Tendons,  where  found,  called;  two  advantages,  how 
formed;  two  shapes,  where  felt,  how  bound  at  wrist;  an- 
nular ligament;  where  large,  largest. 

Cutting  of  Tendons,  where  large,  called  what,  barbarous 
custom;  result. 

Band  Tendons,  where,  attached  how. 

Involuntary  Muscles,  generally  where,  how  arranged, 
control  what,  why  fortunate  to  move  without  thought, 
what  keeps  them  working,  largest  and  most  remarkable. 

The  Heart,  kind  of  muscle,  describe  fibres,  control. 

The  Diaphragm,  where,  how  made,  action,  above  it,  be- 
low, through  it. 

Connective  Tissue,  what,  where  found,  what  interwoven, 
basis  of  what,  shape  of  what,  wraps  what;  serous  mem- 
brane lines  what,  how  sometimes,  openings  how;  dropsy; 
butchers  do  what  to  meat,  called  what. 

Fat,  where  found,  why  inert,  looks,  how  it  interferes. 

CHAPTER    IV. 
THE  SKIN  AND  ITS  APPENDAGES. 

The  Skin,  how,  where,  lower  layer,  what  in  it. 

Mucous  Membrane,  lines  what,  where;  different  from  skin, 
why  red,  changed  for  what. 

-Cuticle,  parts,  outer  called,  contains,  blister,  blood  blis- 
ter. 


LANGUAGE: 


10  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Cells  of  Cuticle,  how  made,  how  different,  where  seen; 
called  what  on  head,  how  removed,  in  scarlet  fever. 

Thickened  Cuticle,  where,  when;  corns,  why;  acts  how. 

Pigment,  where,  how;  protection. 

Complexion;  fair  people,  dark;  Indians  and  dark  races; 
albinos;  white  rats  and  rabbits,  why. 

Tan  and  Burn,  caused;  what  sun  does;  dark  people; 
freckles,  how  with  older  people. 

Scars,  cause;  how  on  negro. 

Cutis,  where,  begins,  composed  of,  filled  with. 

Papilla?,  where,  how,  filled  with  what,  where  most,  rows, 
use. 

Appendages,  what,  where  do  they  grow  from. 

Hair,  what,  grows  from,  composed  of  three  parts,  desti- 
tute of  what,  why  hurts  to  pull,  where  none. 

Structure,  shape,  contain,  outside,  roughness  felt. 

Changes  in  Hair;  sun,  weather,  renewed;  shows  condi- 
tion of  health,  how;  turns  white,  how;  color  lost,  cells  full 
of  air,  where,  look  how. 

Why  Hair  stands  on  end;  what  connects  hair  to  skin; 
contracting  does  what,  cause;  "goose-flesh,"  hair  on  dog's 
back. 

Nails,  what,  material,  where,  how  they  grow,  look, 
without  what,  use. 

Growth,  how,  differ,  if  pulled  out,  injury,  growth  shows 
what. 

Glands,  how  many,  what  is  a  gland. 

Secretion  and  Excretion;  what  some  do,  called  what,  fluids 
called  what;  some  called  what,  why;  pipes,  called,  what  is 
perspiration,  oil. 

Oil  Glands,  how  they  appear,  where,  absence  causes, 
make  hair  grow,  oil  injurious;  ear  wax,  use. 

Perspiratory  Glands,  where,  how  they  look,  how  they 
open,  number  filled  with  dirt;  use  of  perspiration. 

Sensible  Perspiration,  composed  of,  how  it  oozes  out, 
called  what,  caused  by  what,  blood  rushing  to  surface 
causes.  , 

Insensible  Perspiration,  how,  how  can  be  shown. 

Evaporation,  example;  evaporation  of  perspiration  causes 
what. 

Absorption,  what  the  pores  allow;    medicine  ^iven  this 


LANGUAGE:  11 


12  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

way;  how  thirst  can  be  relieved,  poisons,  painters,  poison 
oak. 

Uses  of  Skin;  protector,  touch,  excretion,  absorption, 
cooler  of  body. 

CHAPTER   V. 
FOOD  SYSTEM. 

Need  of  Food,  how  shown,  learns  what  by  experience. 

Hunger,  is  what;  how  food  taken  in,  prepared  where. 

The  Alimentary  Canal,  how  it  looks;  what  the  stomach 
is,  after  the  mouth  called  what,  shape,  small  intestine; 
what  next;  pancreas. 

Organs  of  Digestion,  what,  their  work;  liquids  contain 
what. 

Digestive  Process,  what,  useless  parts,  how  carried  off; 
how  nutrient  liquid  is  acted  on. 

Lining  of  the  Canal,  where  it  begins,  looks ;  on  the  tongue, 
stomach,  intestines;  use  of  folds. 

Glands,  where,  secrete  what,  use. 

Salivary  Glands,  where,  thinking  of  things,  called  what, 
how  the  secretion  looks,  use;  three  sets,  resemble,  where 
they  are,  where  they  empty. 

The  Tongue,  remarkable  for  what,  use;  not  necessary  for 
what. 

Teeth  are  what,  differ  from  bone  in  origin,  how. 

Structure,  harder  than  what;  outside,  called  what;  under 
it,  called  what,  around  root;  microscope  shows  enamel 
how;  dentine  how;  bone  how. 

Parts,  how  many,  names,  what  the  pulp  cavity  contains; 
the  ache;  nerves  and  blood  vessels  where. 

Incisors,  where,  what  shape. 

Canines,  where,  why  called,  where  found,  common 
name. 

Bicuspids,  where,  teeth  in  front  of  them  have  single 
root. 

Molars,  where,  called,  use;  common  name;  when  they 
come. 

Two  Sets  of  Teeth,  first  when,  called  what,  number;  per- 
manent when;  complete  when;  how  many,  how  they  push 
the  others  out,  if  left  too  long. 


LANGUAGE: 


13 


14  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Action  of  Teeth,  purely  mechanical,  means  what,  exam- 
ple; of  chemical  action,  does  what. 

Motion  of  Teeth,  where,  called  what. 

Gullet,  use,  where,  coats,  lining,  fibres  how,  vermicular 
action. 

Stomach,  what,  larger  end  where,  called  what;  other  end, 
where;  stomach  is  where,  folds,  coats;  fibres,  use,  motion 
called  what. 

Glands  and  Juices  of  the  Stomach,  where,  kind  of  juice, 
looks  how,  soaks  through  what;  importance  of  gastric 
juice;  acid;  pepsin  does  what. 

Absorption  by  the  Stomach,  how  in  stomach;  drinks  go 
in;  muscles  do  what,  where  it  comes;  chyme,  how  pushed; 
button,  how  acted  upon. 

Small  Intestines,  where,  begins,  length,  coats,  inner. 

Glands  and  Juices  of  Small  Intestines,  numerous;  two 
juices,  from  where,  act  on  what,  doing  what. 

Pancreas,  where,  color,  three  uses. 

Liver,  size,  where,  color,  divisions,  outside,  lobules; 
veins  and  capillaries,  where,  what  each  does. 

Function  of  the  Liver,  used  to  be  thought,  now;  secretes 
what,  use. 

Bile,  where,  through  what;  central  part  is  what,  goes 
where,  color;  both  secretion  and  excretion,  why,  uses. 

Functions  of  Intestinal  Glands,  other;  juices,  use,  exam- 
ples; bolting  food. 

Villi;  chyle,  how  formed,  looks,  how  it  gets  into  the  cir- 
culation;  a  villus  contains,  goes  where,  then  into  what; 
where  two  food  substances  are  separated;  fatty  food;  thor- 
acic duct,  where. 

Thoracic  Duct,  use,  size,  widened. 

Absorption,  what  it  is,  no  visible  openings,  how  things 
pass  through;  osmose;  liquids  and  gases. 

Kinds  of  Digestion,  completed  where;  three  kinds. 

Large  Intestine,  size,  folds,  use,  cover. 

Vermiform  Appendage,  where,  looks,  use,  dangers,  deaths; 
importance  of  food  seen  how;  bad  food. 


LANGUAGE.  15 


16  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

CHAPTER   VI. 
CIRCULATION. 

Circulation,  where  felt,  tissues  receive  what,  blood  carries 
what  else;  not  always  same,  how  it  varies. 

Corpuscles;  two  parts  of  blood;  how  corpuscles  look;  three 
kinds,  describe  each,  use,  shape,  exposed  to  air;  in  narrow 
place,  shows  what;  dry;  in  foot  of  frog's  foot;  important 
why,  carry  what,  take  it  where,  then  what  becomes  of 
them. 

Plasma,  what;  contains  what;  parts;  clot,  called  what, 
use  of. 

Capillaries;  the  smallest  tubes;  walls  how,  where;  net- 
work, differ  how  from  veins,  connect  what;  if  injured, 
what  do  they  do. 

Arteries  and  Veiiis,  differ  how,  six  differences;  veins  be- 
gin where,  arteries  where. 

Valves  of  Veins,  like  what;  how  in  ordinary;  if  back- 
ward. 

Motion  of  Blood,  how  in  arteries;  walls  make  what  mo- 
tion; how  in  veins;  shows  what  in  cut. 

The  Pulse,  what;  doctor  learns  what;  in  whom  slower, 
how  fast. 

The  Heart,  organ  of  what,  covering,  shape,  where;  kind 
of  muscle. 

Auricles  and  Ventricles;  four  hollows,  two  upper;  why 
called;  two  lower;  which  connect,  which  not. 

Valves;  guard  what,  like  what;  how  held  in  position. 

Beating  of  the  Heart,  how  caused;  why  cannot  the  blood 
go  back  to  the  auricles;  where  does  it  go;  why  must  it  go 
on  through  the  pulmonary  artery;  expansion  and  contrac- 
tion causes  what,  rest  when. 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood,  how,  pulmonary  where,  sys- 
temic where. 

Pulmonary  Circulation;  blue  blood,  passes,  then  through, 
divides  and  enters,  here  becomes  what,  where,  by  how  many 
veins;  enters  lungs  where,  how,  comes  how,  called  what. 

Systemic  Circulation;  blood  where,  then  reaches  what, 
this  sends  it  where;  after  passing  to  capillaries  where,  how; 
veins  enter  what,  then  where. 

Things  that  help  Circulation;  chief  propeller;  five  other 
things. 


LANGUAGE.  17 


18  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

4 

Portal  System;  how  many  divisions,  called  what,  portal 
carries  what;  veins  from  where,  join  what,  like  what,  starts 
where,  connects,  then  through  liver  by  what;  intralobular 
vein;  hepatic  vein;  peculiarity  of  portal  system;  blood 
shows  up;  portal  blood  a  mixture;  red  blood  where. 

The  Lymphatic  System,  called  what,  absorbs  what,  carries 
what,  where  situated,  run  where,  color,  what  belong  to  this 
system,  difference. 

Valves  and  Glands,  look  how,  connected  how,  size,  collect 
what,  take  up  what,  empty  into  what,  where. 

Extra  Glands  that  act  on  the  Blood,  remove  what,  largest. 

The  Kidneys,  where,  shape,  use;  skin  and  lungs;  result 
if  excretions  do  not  leave  the  body;  help  one  another 
how;  overwork. 

.Spleen,  what  class,  use,  color,  said  to  do  what,  largest 
when,  peculiarity  with  its  circulation;  artery  stops;  veins 
do  what. 

Changes  in  Blood,  loss  and  gain,  color,  carries  what,  bur- 
den of  waste;  reaches  spleen;  if  blood  is  not  good,  result. 

Dependence  of  Systems,  all  connected,  especially  where; 
example;  nervous  system  does  what;  result  of  grief,  anger, 
etc. 

CHAPTER   VII. 

BREATHING  ORGANS. 

Breathing,  is  called  what,  divided  into,  causes  what  else; 
chief  organs,  where  found;  action  of  diaphragm  and  lungs 
in  inspiration,  in  expiration;  chief  muscle. 

Windpipe,  length,  where,  made  of,  how  made;  gullet 
how. 

Cilia,  what,  where  found;  fringes  cause  what,  why  im- 
portant, like  what  on  clams  and  oysters. 

Larynx,  where,  shape;  larger,  called. 

Glottis  and  Epiglottis,  where,  nearest  tongue;  swallowing; 
coughing. 

Vocal  Membranes,  where,  supported  how,  look  like  what; 
vibrate,  how  when  tense,  when  relaxed;  thickening;  helps 
in  production  of  sounds;  ''false  vocal  cords." 

Bronchial  Tubes,  where,  enter  what,  end  in  what. 

Sacs;  no  openings;  how  air  passes  through;  illustration; 
changes  of  oxygen;  difference  between  inspired  and  ex- 
pired air;  indications  of  waste  to  be  repaired. 


LANGUAGE: 


19 


20  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Lunys,  use,  parts,  color,  where;  covered  with  what;  tis- 
sue how;  illustration;  contains  what;  floats. 

CHAPTER    VIII. 
THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

The  Brain,  does  what,  conscious  of  what,  controls  what; 
kind;  machine;  soft;  color;  folds  called,  deepest,  number 
shows  what;  hemispheres  distinct;  gray  matter  where; 
thickness. 

Structure;  cells  of  gray;  white  in  fibres,  bound,  held  to- 
gether. 

Spinal  Cord,  where,  part  of  what,  extends,  size;  differs 
from  brain  how. 

Nerves,  where  from,  to  where;  different  from  branches 
of  blood  vessels;  bundle  of  threads. 

Function;  what  nerve  material  does;  cells;  fibres,  like 
what;  motor  nerve;  sensory  nerve,  bound  in  a  single 
sheath,  not  mixed,  rapidity  how  shown,  how  with  a  baby. 

Sensation  seems  oi  the.  Surface  where  it  is;  seems  to  be; 
example. 

Educated  Nerve,  how  learned,  boy's  lesson;  savage  how; 
words  learned  how;  a  baby. 

Ideas;  things  not  seen;  important. 

Function  of  Brain;  large  brain  does  what,  if  injured  or 
removed. 

Reflex  Action;  spinal  cord  what;  gray  cells;  unconscious 
action,  examples,  use,  where  found. 

Crossing  of  Nerves;  spinal  cord  has  how  many  columns; 
crossing  when,  where;  seven  things  to  remember  showing- 
how  the  left  brain  controls  the  right  side. 

Cranial  and  Spinal  Nerves;  number  of  each,  where  they 
come  from. 

Coats,  how  many;  describe  use  of  liquid  and  membranes. 

Sympathetic  Division  of  Nervous  System;  what  has  brain 
but  little  to  do  with;  special  division,  why  so  called,  com- 
posed of. 

Ganglia,  where,  act  how;  food  calls  for  what,  and  this 
for  what. 

Inter-dependence  of  the  two  Systems,  how  in  health ;  too 
long  without  food;  how  the  message  goes,  what  the  sympa- 
thetic nerves  do  then;  if  eats  too  much,  calls  for  help;  re- 


LANGUAGE:  21 


22  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

lief  how  found;  intimate  connection  how  shown;  effect  of 
thought,  of  anger. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

SPECIAL  SENSES. 

Knowledge  of  External  Objects,  how  obtained;  kind  of  or- 
gans; how  these  nerves  are;  senses. 

Touch;  lowest,  where,  how  carried;  nerves  where,  called, 
how  situated,  where  crowded,  how  show  that  two  separate 
terminations,  called  what. 

Education  of  Touch,  how,  example;  blind,  how  they 
know. 

Taste,  where,  how,  none  where;  three  kinds;  different 
impressions. 

Mixed  Impressions;  two  that  act  together;  what  articles; 
medicines,  how;  bad  taste. 

Nerves  of  Sensation;  general  impression,  where,  why  sen- 
sitive, carry  what  impressions. 

Smell,  where,  kind;  two  bulbs,  where;  nasal  cavity  how 
divided;  how  a  substance  can  be  smelled;  personal  differ- 
ences; smell  destroyed,  how  cultivated. 

Hearing,  other  senses  with  what;  hearing  with  what; 
most  complex  organs;  three  divisions. 

The  External  Ear,  where,  composed  of;  animals,  made 
of  what,  shape,  hard  of  hearing;  auditory  canal,  how,  hair, 
wax,  use. 

Middle  Ear,  where,  looks,  called;  bones,  size,  fastened, 
look  like;  tube  to  throat,  for  what,  how  with  a  cold;  two 
openings;  stirrup,  rests. 

External  Ear;  three  canals,  helix,  vestibule,  made,  size, 
what  is  inside  the  canals;  ear  sand;  how  we  hear;  con- 
scious of  sound. 

The  Eye,  where,  look,  protectors,  bones;  eyebrows,  their 
use;  lashes;  tears;  glands  where;  tear  ducts,  where,  use; 
eyeball,  shape,  filled,  three  coats,  three  humors. 

First  Coat;  color,  stiffness,  no  nerves,  mucous  membrane, 
blood-shot. 

Second  Coat;  color,  contains,  describe,  iris,  hole,  use, 
called,  in  a  cat's  eye,  two  sets  of  fibres,  light  causes,  pig- 
ment, use  of. 

Third  Coat,  where,  called,  receives  what,  essential  part. 


LANGUAGE:        .  23 


24  ANATOMY    AND    PHYSIOLOGY. 

Sight  Spot;  two  spots,  where. 

Blind  Spot,  where,  not  the  right  arrangement,  the  right 
way  of  the  optic  nerve. 

Experiment,  to  prove  blind  spot,  with  pencil. 

Humors  of  the  Eye,  not  equal  spaces  between  cornea  and 
iris;  crystalline  lens  how;  cornea  helps  what,  how;  how 
with  old  people,  largest  part  called  what,  stiff. 

Muscles;  kind,  where,  use;  orbit. 


LANGUAGE:  25 


PART    1 1.  -    HYQIENK. 

CHAPTER   I. 

General  Hygiene;  what  is  health,  what  done  to  keep 
healthy;  conditions  should  be  understood  why,  how  if 
laws  are  broken;  a  physical  debt;  disease  is  what,  how 
through  fault  of  parents;  stimulants,  children  of  drunk- 
ards, of  healthy  temperate  people;  what  is  heredity,  how 
shown;  natural  powers  of  resistance,  how  forming  habits. 

CHAPTER  II. 
HYGIENE  OP  THE  BONES. 

Skeleton  not  liable  to  injury,  why. 

Children's  Bones,  how;  work,  lifting. 

Habits  to  Avoid;  standing  how,  sitting  how,  wearing 
what;  what  these  do  to  bones  and  ligaments. 

Clothing;  not  wear  what,  tight  clothes  do  what,  warm 
enough  for  what,  shoes. 

Food;  kind  for  children;  lime. 

Broken  Bones;  what  strong  tendons  do,  keep  limb  how, 
if  arm,  if  leg. 

Sprains,  what,  worse  than;  rest. 

.Diseases  of  Bones  and  Joints,  where,  cause;  rheumatism; 
rickets,  look  how;  gout  what,  cause. 

CHAPTER    III. 
HYGIENE  OF  THE  MUSCLES. 

Muscles  need  what,  first  law,  not  used,  exercise,  children; 
active  exercise,  excels;  example. 

Exercise,  where  best,  kinds,  walking. 

Rest  of  Muscles,  why  necessary;  athletes  and  gymnasts; 
to  hold  arms  out  straight,  how  with  involuntary;  heart. 

Diseases  of  Muscle,  cause,  feeling;  rheumatism;  wet 
clothing;  heart. 

Enlargement  of  Heart,  what,  cause,  result. 

Fatty  Degeneration  of  the  Heart;  kind  of  disease,  why, 
contraction  impossible;  death  when,  change  where,  cause. 

Palpitation  of  the  Heo.rt,  what,  causes  what,  caused  by. 

Trichina  or  "Flesh-worm  Disease,"  what,  where  found, 
result,  prevented. 


LANGUAGE:  27 


28  HYGIENE. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
HYGIENE  OF  THE  SKIN. 

Importance  of  a  Healthy  Skin,  why;  perspiration;  oil; 
stoppage;  result. 

Baths,  why  necessary,  how  often;  test;  feeling  of  warmth, 
how  in  California;  cold  water,  why  better;  temperature  of 
room;  sea  bathing;  hard  water,  why  bad. 

Chaps;  caused  by,  prevention. 

Cosmetics;  kind  of  practice,  Indians,  contain  what,  cause 
what;  best  complexion,  how  obtained;  ammonia,  rose  wa- 
ter and  glycerine;  hair  dye;  bleaching,  effect. 

Lead  Poisoning;  danger,  "painter's  colic,"  poisons 
through  what. 

Poison  Oak,  act  through  what,  how  taken,  remedy. 

Clothing,  kind,  flannel,  nap  of  woolen  goods;  catarrh, 
how  prevented;  change  of  garments,  why  necessary;  blan- 
kets; respiration  and  circulation,  how  at  night;  caution. 

Colds,  cause,  prevention;  general  condition;  overwork; 
connection  of  mucous  membrane;  lining  of  throat,  eyes, 
sympathy. 

Corns,  what,  cause. 

Skin  Diseases,  cause. 

Burns,  how  cured;  bad  burns,  why  serious. 

CHAPTER  V. 
HYGIENE  OF  THE  ALIMENTARY  CANAL. 

Food,  taken  for  what,  how;  air. 

Compounds;  each  kind  of  food  made  of;  what  that  is 
made  of;  examples. 

Elements,  what;  water,  number,  how  many  in  common 
use,  in  the  body. 

Changes,  when;  what  destroyed,  what  not,  where  going 
on;  waste  material;  heat  produced,  called  what,  what  it 
does,  slowly;  oxygen. 

Oxidation;  wood  decomposes  how,  iron  where;  ordinary 
rusting  called  what,  how  in  body;  food;  fat;  after  person 
is  full  grown;  fuel. 

Muscular  Force,  how  when  working;  food  changed  to- 
what,  how  work  is  done;  body  needs  what,  oxygen  does 
what;  compounds  harmful;  food  not  same  as  body,  con- 


LANGUAGE: 


29 


OFTHB 

UNIVERSITY 


30  HYGIENE. 

tains  what;  vegetables,  and  meat  changes;  best  kind  of 
diet. 

Kinds  of  Food;  two,  names,  parts. 

Inorganic  Foods,  what;  organic  foods,  how  taken;  lime. 

Salt,  necessity;  wild  animals,  how  when  deprived  of  salt; 
elements  broken. up  to  form  what. 

Water,  makes  what;  given  off;  necessity. 

Pure  Water,  how;  rain  water;  all  water;  ordinary  water 
contains;  get  these  materials  from. 

Impurities  in  Water,  how  caused;  clear  water  not  always 
pure;  source. 

Organic  Food;  three  classes,  their  work;  also  called  what. 

Proteids;  characteristic,  contain  what;  other  characteris- 
tics, names,  sources,  called  what;  fibrin  where,  gluten 
where,  casein. 

Fats,  how  taken  into  the  body. 

Starches;  why  named;  what'  also  in  the  class,  why,  found 
where,  how  changed. 

Mixed  Diet,  not  alone,  how  should  be  mixed,  connected. 

Good  Bread,  what,  how  best  made;  oat  meal. 

The  best  Meats,  most  nourishing;  pork,  lamb,  veal,  fish, 
cheese. 

Beef  Tea,  not  food,  good  for. 

Butter,  usual  forms  of;  system  needs  what;  unnatural 
appetite;  cream. 

Olive  Oil,  good,  made  from,  pure. 

Vegetable  Diet,  belief,  why  not  true;  meats  contain;  con- 
centrated; some  articles  bad  if  mixed;  examples. 

Fruits,  popular,  contain,  necessary. 

Spices  and  Condiments,  not  tissue  makers,  called;  exam- 
ples, use,  excess. 

Stimulants,  what,  do  what,  excites,  act  like  what;  tea 
and  coffee  how;  children,  nervous,  temper  caused  by. 

Coffee  and  Tea,  contain  what;  tea  comes  from,  made  how; 
coffee  from  where,  prepared;  what  makes  these  restful; 
too  strong;  chocolate  and  cocoa. 

Condition  of  Food;  meats  and  vegetables  how;  dried, 
salted,  canned  meats,  when  dangerous;  poisoning  from 
what;  strange  part  of  this  kind  of  poison. 

Cooking,  object;  exertion  of  stomach;  cooking  does  what; 
fruits,  eggs,  frying;  roasting,  best  why;  boiling  does  what, 


LANGUAGE.  31 


32  HYGIENE. 

roast  pork,  pickled  pig's  feet;  cooking  unripe  fruit;  in- 
sect's eggs  on  meats;  tapeworm,  found  where;  worms  in 
pork  do  what;  intestinal  worms  in  children. 

Different  Tastes,  how;  what  custom  does;  Romans;  others. 

Occupation,  has  to  do  with  what,  why. 

Seasons;  change  food,  why;  different  nations  show  cli- 
mate in  diet;  Esquimau  eats  what;  equatorial  man. 

Mouih  Digestion;  saliva  does  what,  effect  if  not  used. 

Stomach  Digestion,  where  digested,  how  if  overloaded. 

Intestinal  Digestion,  acts  on  what;  how,  if  more  fat  than 
is  needed. 

Liver  Digestion,  does  what;  where  does  this  remain, 
where  go,  when. 

Regularity  in  Eating;  why  not  eat  between  meals;  how 
about  delicate  people;  kind  of  articles  eaten. 

Adulteration,  what,  why  done;  sometimes  injurious;  sub- 
stances used  in  vinegar,  sugar. 

How  Digestibility  of  Foods  was  Learned,  experiments  on 
animals,  on  Alexis  St.  Martin;  good  health  depends  on 
what;  the  great  aim  of  digestion;  bad  teeth;  stomach 
troubles  caused  how,  liver;  five  things  to  be  remembered 
in  regard  to  the  food  canal. 

The  Teeth;  first  organs,  should  do  what,  bolting  food, 
cleaned,  decay  caused  how,  brushing;  gritty  tooth  powders; 
hot  and  cold  foods;  tobacco;  aids  to  digestion. 

Mucous  Membrane,  thinness  allows  what,  result;  derange- 
ments how,  result,  how  shown. 

CHAPTER  VI. 
ALCOHOL  AND  NARCOTICS. 

General  Effects;  a  stimulant  is  what,  a  narcotic;  classed 
as. 

Use  and  Danger,  in  disease,  violent  pain,  never  in  health. 

Dangerous  Common  Drugs;  tobacco,  opium;  effect  on 
mind  and  body. 

Characteristics  of  Alcohol;  color,  flame,  dissolves,  absorbs, 
coagulates,  stimulates;  classed  as. 

Uses  of  Alcohol,  for  burning,  for  medicines,  as  an  anti- 
septic, in  museums;  powers. 

How  Alcohol  is  Made,  by  what  process,  forms  what;   how 


LANGUAGE.  33 


54  HYGIENE. 

canned  fruits  spoil;  vinous  fermentation;  in  bread;  pure 
not  drank,  mixed  bad,  proportion  varies;  cider;  malt 
liquors;  other  liquors. 

Distillation,  what;  chemist  does -what;  tubes  how,  pro- 
cess, condensation  seen  where;  how  pure  alcohol  is  made. 

Adulterations  of  Liquor,  how. 

Large  Doses,  result. 

Change,  in  body;  portion  oxidized. 

Alcohol  not  Food;  compound,  having  no  nitrogen;  pro- 
duces what,  at  the  expense  of  what. 

No  Protection  against  Cold;  first  flush  caused  how,  what 
it  does;  exposure  when  relaxed;  experience  of  Arctic  ex- 
plorers. 

Does  not  Protect  against  Heat,  why  not  beneficial. 

Does  not  Prevent  Disease;  does  what;  resistance  how  de- 
stroyed. 

Causes  Special  Diseases,  such  as;  two  characteristics  ac- 
count for  what. 

Degeneration,  fatty  and  fibrous,  fatty  how;  acts  on  what, 
how;  fibrous,  how. 

Injures  the  Stomach,  two  ways;  hardens  what/  irritates 
what;  result. 

Injures  the  Liver,  how. 

Injures  the  Heart,  how. 

Injures  the  Lungs,  how. 

Injures  the  Brain,  affects  what,  produces  what;  different 
effects,  sometimes  one  organ;  keeps  person  from  thinking 
what;  what  certain  effects  seen. 

NARCOTICS. 

Opium,  common,  from  where,  looks,  used  how;  Chinese, 
produces  what,  small  quantities;  fixed  habit,  result;  causes 
dyspepsia,  blunts  morals  and  will,  makes  nervous  system 
how;  morphine  and  laudanum  prescribed,  repeated,  habit; 
schooled  to  bear  pain;  danger  of  paregoric  and  soothing 
syrups. 

Bitters,  contain  what;  folly. 

Tobacco;  given  as  a  drug,  contains  what  poison,  affects 
what  organs;  sight,  hearing;  greatest  evil;  use  of  glands, 
cause  tissues  to  suffer,  robs  body,  dulls  mind;  cigarette, 
worst  form,  made  from;  heat  entire  lungs;  death;  wreck. 


LANGUAGE:  35 


36  HYGIENE. 

POISONS  AND  ANTIDOTES. 

A  Poison  is  what,  an  antidote  is  what;  rat  poison;  milk 
and  white  of  raw  eggs,  why. 

CHAPTER    VII. 
HYGIENE  OF  THE  ORGANS  OF  CIRCULATION. 

Secondary  Diseases,  found  where;  interference  with  action 
of  glands  of  food  canal,  causes  what,  illustrates  what,  pre- 
vented how. 

Diseases  of  Valves,  why  liable  to  disease,  what  form; 
blood  forced  back  into  auricle;  meeting  of  tides,  back  to 
lungs,  result;  venous  blood  affected  how,  produces  what 
disease;  inflammation  of  heart  sac,  result  of  what. 

Faintness,  cause;  position  of  patient. 

Bleeding,  knowledge  necessary;  blood  from  arteries  how; 
cold  water  pressure,  if  in  the  extremities;  nose  bleed,  how 
stopped. 

Wounds,  covered  with  plaster,  why;  danger  of  cutting 
corns . 

Regulation  of  Blood  Supply,  not  enough  blood  for  what; 
organs  working,  the  resting  gets  only  enough  for  what;  how 
is  the  regulation  done,  assisted  by  nerves;  why  one  cannot 
study  after  eating,  violent  exercise;  weariness  and  head- 
ache prevented  how;  rubbing  the  body  does  what  good. 

Cold  Hands  and  Feet;  cause,  cure. 

Congestion  what,  accompanied  by  what,  why. 

Kidneys,  organs  of  what;  diseases  caused  by  what; 
Bright's  disease;  waste  matter  goes  where. 

CHAPTER   VIII. 
CARE  OF  THE  BREATHING  ORGANS. 

Need  of  Heat;  oxygen  necessary,  right  proportion;  tis- 
sues need  it.  ' 

Heat;  heat  of  body  what,  variation  causes;  one  part 
works  faster  than  the  rest;  walking  does  what;  blood  a  reg- 
ulator, why, how. 

Carbon  Dioxide;  gas  formed  how;  effect  on  candle,  not 
detected,  result  if  inhaled;  sinks  why,  formed  how;  plants 
do  what,  in  aquarium;  water  plants  necessary. 


LANGUAGE:  37 


38  HYGIENE. 

Organic  Mutter,  found  where,  why,  dangerous;  necessity 
of  pure  air;  breathing  organs  injured  how. 

Effect  of  Bad  Air,  on  circulation;  result  in  crowds;  dis- 
eases. 

Ventilation  is  what,  avoid  what;  two  good  rules;  sun- 
light, how  necessary;  excessive  heat;  people  in  crowds  do 
not  notice  impure  air;  Calcutta,  men  shut  up;  other  cases; 
death. 

Compressing  the  Chest,  result;  Chinese,  Indians,  civilized 
people,  result;  going  out  of  fashion. 

Effect  of  Pressure;  organs  how  normally,  if  pressed;  in- 
crease of  flesh;  lungs  under  pressure;  dyspepsia;  heart  af- 
fected. 

The  Pneumo-gaslric  Nerves,  where;  if  injured;  result  of 
hanging. 

Diseases  of  Lungs  and  Throat;  delicacy,  prevented  how; 
habits;  tobacco  does  what,  causes  what  in  nose  and  throat. 

Alcohol,  injures,  how. 

Exposure  to  Wet  or  Cold,  does  what;  first  thing  to  do. 

Bad  Air,  causes;  too  little  oxygen,  dust,  shops  and 
mines. 

Germ  and  Contagious  Diseases;  worst  kind  of  bad  air; 
germs,  where,  how  produced;  cholera;  condition  of  body; 
germs  carried  how;  disinfectants,  kinds;  diseases  originate 
from  what. 

Effect  on  Other  Systems,  what;  fevers  cause  what;  common 
forms  affect  what. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

CARE  OF  THE  ORGANS  OF  SPECIAL  SENSES. 

Dulled  by  ivant  of  Exercise;  who  has  most  acute  senses, 
why;  protectors;  warnings. 

Affected  by.  General  Diseases,  especially  true  of  what;  gen- 
eral rules. 

Effect  of  Irritants,  disturbs  nerves;  tobacco  and  others; 
exposure;  organs  of  hearing  and  sight,  how  affected;  never 
use  pins  in  the  ears. 

Care  of  the  Eyes,  defects;  not  fit  self  with  glasses;  best 
condition  of  organs;  not  strain,  not  bending  head;  un- 
steady or  flickering  light. 


LANGUAGE:  39 


40  HYGIENE. 

CHAPTER  X. 
CARE  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

Needs  of  the  Brain;  good  food;  blood;  thoughts;  rest. 

Facts  to  Remember;  brain  is  material  but  originates  what; 
nervous  system  of  baby,  of  children;  have  fewer  convolu- 
tions; habits,  knowledge,  experience,  judgment. 

Material  for  Brain  Building;  food,  air,  brain  food,  blood 
to  brain;  faintness  shows  what;  dullness  shows  what. 

Injury  to  the  Brain;  stimulants  and  narcotics,  conse- 
quences vital;  alcohol  does  what,  shown  by  face,  means 
what;  faintness  and  nausea  show  what;  cerebrum  how, 
thoughts  how,  will  power;  cerebellum  loses  what,  causes 
what;  nerve  matter  affected  by  alcohol  acts;  narcotics 
do  what,  destroy  what,  fill  mind  with  what,  result,  final 
results;  physical  and  moral  slavery. 

Exercise,  how;  certain  parts  educated  at  the  expense  of 
others. 

Fatigue,  when,  rest;  brain  has  other  work  than  producing 
thought;  harm  from  statement  that  change  is  rest,  how; 
exhaustion;  intemperance  in  study;  social  dissipation; 
fashionable  life;  fret  and  worry. 

Change;  not  continue  work. 

Time  for  Application,  child  from  six  to  twelve;  from 
twelve  to  sixteen,  how  long;  inattention;  fix  ideas. 

Sleep,  does  what;  respiration  and  circulation,  how;  how 
in  morning;  number  of  hours  varies,  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances. 

Sleeplessness,  what,  cause,  cure. 

Dreams,  effect  of  what,  not  matter  of  mind. 

Sleep  of  Children,  how,  why;  irritability  treated  how; 
diet;  parents'  wisdom. 

Habits;  how  a  child  learns;  what  a  habit  is;  not  easy  to 
learn,  why;  first  attempt  how,  repetition  does  what;  so 
with  thought,  bad  thoughts,  good  thoughts;  last  impulses. 

Self -control ;  important,  why;  temper  leaves  mind  how, 
affects  what,  brings  on  what. 

Excesses,  kinds;  strain  on  cerebro-spinal  system  equal- 
ized how,  result;  care  of  nervous  system  necessary. 


LANGUAGE: 


OUTLINES  FROM 

CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


Part  I. —  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT. 

CHAPTER    I. 
GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  SCHOOL  DISTRICT. 

1.  Government  in  the  Family;    smallest   group;    duties 
to  perform;  certain  persons  have  what  to  do,  why;  what  is 
the  result  of  just  and  impartial  commands  of  the  parent 
and  harmonious  working  of  the  various  members;  where 
is  first  germ  of  government  found;    how  without  govern- 
ment. 

2.  Government  of  the  School;   smallest  civil;    difference 
between  natural  and  civil  government,  how  shown,  where; 
authority;  obey. 

3.  Government  in   the    School  District;    school   trustees, 
elected,  authority  over  whom,  leave  what  to  teacher;  why 
people  elect  trustees. 

4.  Necessity  of  Government,  same  relation ;  groups,  names, 
all  together  make  what;  in  each  group  there  are  what;  gov- 
ernment why  necessary. 

CHAPTER   II. 
GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  TOWNSHIP. 

5.  The    Township    next    larger;    kind   of    division,   less 
prominent  in  California;  officers  for  what;  school  district, 
object;  chief  object  in  township. 

CHAPTER   III. 
GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  TOWN  OR  CITY. 

6.  General  Character  of  City  Government;    people  how, 
need  what;  how  in  country,  not  opportunity;  crowds  stim- 
ulate what;  health,  how;  danger  of  fire. 

7.  Duties  of\a  City   Government;    repress    what,  make 
precautions  against  what,  make  provision  for  what;  streets, 
sidewalks   and   sewers;    police,   jails,    hospitals,    markets, 
schools,  etc.;  the  larger  the  city  the  greater  need  of  what. 

8.  City  Officers,  vary  how;    in  larger  cities  board  called 
what,  mayor  does  what,  what  third  division  and  its  office, 
what  officers  in  addition  to  these. 


LANGUAGE:  45 


46  LOCAL    GOVERNMENT. 

CHAPTER    IV. 
GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  COUNTY. 

9.  The  County,  made  up  of  what;  how  when  city  is  very 
large. 

10.  County  Officers;  what  first,  what  power  have  these; 
who  next,  what  power;  who  last,  power;  elected  how,  term 
of  office. 

11.  Board    of  Supervisors,    how    many,    how    divided, 
powers. 

12.  Treasurer  and  Auditor;  treasurer  does  what,  auditor 
what. 

13.  Clerk,  does  what,  keeps  what,  issues  what,  attends 
to  what. 

14.  Recorder,  why  important,  does  what,  keeps  what. 

15.  Assessor  and  Tax  Collector;   duty  of  assessor;    taxes 
how  determined,  rate    how  made;    duty  of  tax  collector, 
taxes  paid  when,  delinquent  when,  result  if  unpaid,  re- 
demption how  soon,  how  much  added. 

16.  Supervisors,  do  what,  receive  what  pay. 

17.  Superintendent  of  Schools,  duty;  money;  institutes, 
course  of  study,  certificates. 

18.  Sheriff,  importance,  duties  as  to  arrests,  jail,  serv- 
ing papers,  assistance,  why  paid  highest  salary. 

19.  District   Attorney,  does  what,   duties,  indictments, 
defends  what,  legal  advice. 

20.  Coroner,  principal  duty;  inquest,  how  held,  verdict; 
may  be  means  of  what;  public  administrator,  takes  charge 
of  estate  when. 

21.  Superior  Judges,  duty. 


LANGUAGE. 


47 


Part  II.—  STATE  GOVERNMENT. 

CHAPTER  V. 
GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  STATE. 

22.  The  State;  California  is  a  means  of  studying  others; 
how  like  township. 

23.  Government  of  the  State,  how  provided  for;  delegates 
how  meeting,  submitted  to  whom,  if  adopted;  provides  for 
what  body,  for  what  officers,  what  courts. 

CHAPTER   VI. 
THE  STATE  LEGISLATURE. 

24.  Composition  of   the  Legislature;    what    two    houses; 
members  must  have  been  what;  Assemblymen  elected  how 
often,   Senators    how  long;    how  many  members  in   each 
house;   election  of  Senators  how  arranged;    State  divided 
how  often,  into  what;  to  be  equal  in  population,  each  dis- 
trict entitled  to  what. 

25.  Organization  of  the  Legislature;    each    house   regu- 
lates what;  judges  of  what;  presiding  officers,  how  chosen. 

26.  Standing  Committees,  how  and  why  appointed,  bills 
referred;    kinds  of  committees,  how  appointed  in  Senate, 
how  in  Assembly. 

27.  Vacancies,  how  filled. 

28.  Privileges  of  Members  of  the  Legislature,  in  all  cases 
except  what,  privileged  from  what,  exempt  from  what. 

29.  Quorum,  why  necessary,  what  smaller  number  can 
do. 

30.  Process  of  Laiv  Making,  may  be   introduced  where; 
then  what  is  done,   if   favorable,   printed,   and   read  how 
many  times;  vote  of  two-thirds  to  do  what,  amended  how; 
if  passed  where  does  it  go  then;  after  passing  both  houses, 
then  where,  how  many  days  is  the  Governor  allowed;    if 
not  approved  what  must  he  do,  called  what;    how  passed 
over  his  veto;    how  if  neither  returned  nor  signed  within 
ten  days  after  being  presented  to  him;  a  "pocket  veto." 

31.  Meetings  of   the    Legislature;    constitution    requires 
what,  when,  restricts  length;  extra  sessions. 


LANGUAGE. 


49 


OF  THB 

UNIVERSITY 


50  STATE    GOVERNMENT. 

CHAPTER    VII. 
THE  STATE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

32.  Officers  Composing  the  Executive  Department;  the  chief 
are  what,  elected  how,  hold  offices  how  long,  when  terms 
begin. 

33.  Character  of  the  Executive  Department;    the  chief  is 
what,  represents  what,  duties;    what  officials   do   the   real 
•carrying  out. 

34.  The  Governor,  qualifications. 

35.  Poivers  and  Duties  of  the  Governor;  (I)  laws,  officers, 
call   for   information,  extradition    orders,   (2)  legislature, 
assent,  veto,  convene,  adjournment,  message,  condition  of 
State,    recommend    measures,   (3)  army    and    navy,   what 
cases,  (4)  keeps  what,  office  vacant,   when   and   how  fills 
vacancies,  nominates  who,  (5)  grant   what,   except   what; 
treason  can  suspend  execution  how  long. 

36.  Lieutenant  Governor,  qualifications,  term,  becomes 
.governor  when,  only  duty,  when  votes. 

37.  Secretary  of  State,  duty,  records;  affix  seal  to  what, 
record  what,  publish  what;  make  detailed  biennial  report. 

38.  The  Controller,  duty,  keep  what,   audit  what,  issue 
warrants  for  what,   give   information   to  whom,  of   what, 
report  of  funds  to  whom. 

39.  Treasurer,    duty,   information    to    whom,  of   what, 
•summary  of  what,  to  whom. 

40.  Attorney  General,  duty,  cases  between  whom,  only 
person  entitled  to  do  what,  supervision  over  whom,  assist, 
opinion  to  whom,  must  be  given,  report  to  whom. 

41.  The  Surveyor  General,  duty,  boundaries,  report  to 
show  what  seven  facts. 

42.  The  Superintendent  of   Public    Instruction,  general 
oversight,  duty,  relating  to  public  schools;  number  of  chil- 
dren, teachers,  money,  apportionments,  reports. 

CHAPTER   VIII. 
THE  STATE  JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

43.  The  Judicial  Power,  vested  where,  legislature  may 
establish  what,  Senate  do  what. 

44.  Justices  of  the  Peace,  grade,  elected  by  whom,  juris- 
diction, number. 


LANGUAGE:  51 


52  STATE    GOVERNMENT. 

45.  Superior  Courts,  styled,  number  for  each  county, 
how  determined,  elected,  term. 

46.  Supreme  Court,  next  in  scale,  consists  of,  election, 
term. 

47.  Senate  as  Court  of  Impeachment,  when  and  by  whom 
articles  of  impeachment  are  sent  in,  of  whom,  who  tries, 
placed   how,   concurrence  of   how  many  necessary,  judg- 
ment of  conviction  do.es  what,  what  other  liabilities  are 
persons  subject  to  afterwards. 


LANGUAGE:  53 


Part  III.—  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

CHAPTER   IX. 
THE  FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION. 

48.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  establishes  what, 
sketches  what,  seldom  does  what;    details,  how  supplied, 
what  reason  for  leaving  the  details  to  be  supplied  thus. 

49.  Formation  of  the  Constitution,  when,  how,  adopted 
how. 

50.  Amendments  to  the   Constitution,   how  many  meth- 
ods, first,  second,  to  whom  submitted,  ratified  how;  when 
was  there  a  general  convention  held,  how  have  the  fifteen 
amendments  been  made  since;  what  is  the  only  Jimitation 
now. 

51.  The  Supreme  Latv;   what  is  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land;    judges  in  every  State  and   laws  how  bound;    what 
three  principles  are  established  from  this  as  to  being  (1) 
supreme  law,  (2)  State  laws,  and  treaties  and  laws  that  are 
inconsistent,  (3)  State  laws  to  yield  to  Federal. 

CHAPTER   X. 
THE  FEDERAL  LEGISLATURE. 

52.  Congress;    how  and    where    is    law    making    power 
lodged;  difference  between  the  two  houses;  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives  chosen   from  where,   number  depending   on, 
represents  the  people  how;   Senate  has  what  number  from 
each   State,  represents  what    principle;    House  of  Repre- 
sentatives what  principle. 

53.  House  of  Representatives,    represents,   people    how, 
number  how  determined,  when,  what  the  Constitution  di- 
rected, what  was  left  to   Congress  to  do;    how   much    has 
number  increased,  how  has  ratio  decreased;  what  provision 
made  for  States  with  less  than    ratio  of    apportionment; 
what  may  they  Nevertheless  have. 

54.  Qualifications  of  a  Representative;   age,  citizen   how 
long,  inhabitant. 

55.  Term  of  a  Representative,  how  long,  of  what  is  this 
also  the  term;  what  of   the  Senate;    first   Congress  when; 
when  does  new  Congress  begin;  what  is  Congress  of  1891- 
93  known  as;  many  Representatives  re-elected. 


LANGUAGE:  55 


56  «  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

56.  Who  may   Vote  for  Representatives,   what   qualifica- 
tions; State  prescribes  what,  what  diversity  does  this  lead 
to. 

57.  Organization  of  the  House,  as  to  regulating  number; 
official  duties  and  business. 

58.  The  Speaker,  chief  officer,   member  of,  elected  by, 
chosen  how,  why  powerful;  name  "  Speaker,"  from  where 
taken,  why,  where  else  used. 

59.  The  Standing  Committees,  when  and  by  whom  ap- 
pointed, why,  why  not  able  to  debate  or  discuss  matters  in 
whole  House;    why  accept  reports,  as  a  matter  of  course; 
every  member  becomes  what,  some  have  but  little  busi- 
ness; two  most  important  are,  what  has  the  one  on  appro- 
priations charge  of,   powers,  can   stop  what  and  thus  do 
what;  what  have  recent  rules  done,  to  what  special  depart- 
ments; committee  on  ways  and  means  has  charge  of  what, 
chairmen. 

60.  Vacancies  in  the  House,  how  filled,  serves  how  long. 

61.  Senate,  consists  of,  chosen,  term,  age,  citizens,  in- 
habitants. 

62.  Division  of  the  Senate,  how  divided,  into  how  many 
classes;  what  of  first  class,  second,  of  third,  and  thereafter, 
in  new  states;  object  of  this  arrangement;    House  by  va- 
cating every  two  years  represents  what. 

63.  Voting  in   the  Senate;    what  difference   of    opinion 
may  be  shown  by  two  Senators  from  same   State,   differ- 
ence in  parties. 

64.  Organization  of  Senate,  like  what,  except  in  what 
case. 

65.  The  Presidiug  Officer  of  the  Senate,  who,  only  duty; 
not  a  member;    cannot  do  what;    when  he  can  vote;  what 
is  a  President  pro  tempore. 

66.  Standing  Committees  of  the  Senate,  work  done  how, 
committees    how   and   for  what    elected,  method  of  work 
similar  to  what;  do  not  monopolize,  why;    continuous  life 
aids  this  how,  what  other  time  is  saved,  why  does  Senate 
elect  its  own  committees  by  ballot. 

67.  Vacancies,  how  filled;    when  legislature  is   not   in 
session. 

68.  Quorum,  consists  of;  smaller  number  may  do  what; 
quorum  different  in  other  countries;  instance. 


I 

I 


LANGUAGE:  57 


58  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

69.  Meetings  of  Congress,  how  often,  how  many  sessions, 
called   what,  assembles  when,  continues  till  when,  cabled 
what;  how  in  even-numbered  years,  why;  called  members 
of  House  of  Representatives;   time  of  election  determines 
what,  interval  how  long;  special  sessions. 

70.  Power  of  either  House  over  its  Members,  judge   of, 
punish,  expel. 

71.  Journal,  each  house,  yeas  and  nays  when   entered; 
vetoed  bill. 

72.  Adjournment,  for    how   long,   what   place,   without 
whose  consent. 

73.  Privileges  and  Disabilities  of  Members  of  Congress; 
compensation;    free  from  arrest  /where  and  when,  excep- 
tions; freedom  of  speech,  how  guaranteed;  cannot  do  what; 
Senators  or  Representatives  cannot  be  appointed  to  what. 

74.  Process  of  Law  Making,  similar  to  what,  in  what  re- 
spects different;    what  does  this  method  render  possible; 
veto  power  of  President;  all  bills  except  those  for  revenue 
may  originate  where. 

75.  Money  Bills,  where  originate,  following  the  practice 
of  what  country,  reason  for  this  in  that  country,  how  in 
United   States;    House   of    Representatives    being    elected 
how,  numerous,  short  term  called  to  account;  English  cus- 
tom;  what  exception  in  United  States  to  custom  of  Eng- 
land. 

CHAPTER    XI. 

THE  POWERS  OF  CONGRESS — THE  LEGISLATIVE  POWER  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

76.  Extent  of  the  Legislative  Powers,  granted  from  what 
source,  exercised,  list,   permission  to  make  all   necessary 
for  what,  laws  for  carrying  out  any  of  the  powers  granted 
to  other  departments;  what  this  means,  what  the  framers 
intended;  purpose  in  enumerating  powers. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  POWERS  OF  CONGRESS. 

77.  Federal  and  State  Legislation,  few  in  number,  how 
many  other  legislative  bodies  in  the  United  States,  what, 
to  do   what;    which  laws   touch  individuals   most  closely; 
how  are  powers  of  Congress  in  character,  indispensable  for 
efficient  government;  others  given  to  Congress  why. 


LANGUAGE: 


59 


60  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

78.  Classification  of  the  Powers  of  Congress;    what  was 
necessary  to  maintain   an  independent  government,   what 
power;    why  given  the  power  to  pass  naturalization  laws, 
why  to  coin  money,  to  establish  Federal  courts;  why  was 
it  given  control  over  war  and  the  military  and  naval  forces; 
as  the  general  government,  what  was   necessary  for   it  to 
have  control  over,  control  over  what  territory;  who  deter- 
mines the  admission  of   new  states,   what   of    bankruptcy 
and  weights  and  measures,  of  copyrights  and  patents;  seat 
of  government. 

THE  POWERS  ENUMERATED — I.     POWERS  ESSENTIAL  TO  AN 
INDEPENDENT  SELF-EXISTENCE. 

79.  Taxes;  source  of  life,  why;  every  means  of  obtain- 
ing such  given  to  whom,  for  what  purpose,  through  what 
exercised,  by  customs,  poll  tax.  land,  excises,  direct  taxes, 
indirect  taxes,  how  apportioned,  which  has  to  be  uniform, 
what  tax  is  forbidden. 

80.  Citizenship  and   Naturalization;    who   are    citizens, 
who  has  control  of  naturalization,  what  are  rights  of  nat- 
uralized citizens,  exception. 

81.  Money;  borrow,  coin,  regulate,  punish  for  what. 

82.  The  power  to  borroiv  money,  supplementary  to  what, 
both  for  what,  difference,  customary  way  to  obtain  money, 
what  called,  what  draw,  sold  to  whom;  when  at  par,  pre- 
mium, discount. 

83.  The  power  to  coin  money  exclusively  to  whom;  what 
else  forbidden,  why;    what  does  " coining"  mean;    when 
not  easy  to  fix  the  standard;   how  if  gold  alone  were  used; 
why  use  other  metals;  how  has  Congress  tried  to  overcome 
difficulty  of  having  two  metals  in  currency;  has  this  been 
fully  successful;    what   happens  when    there   is  a  greater 
quantity  of  one  metal  than  another;   what  is  done  to  pre- 
vent this;  how  does  this  prevent  hoarding  of  silver;    how 
is  gold  kept  in  circulation. 

84.  Mints,  what  cities;  how  is  gold  coined,  returned  to 
owner  called,  until  1853  how,  how  since;    in   the   case   of 
silver  how  does  the  government  do. 

85.  The  Poiver  to  Punish  Counterfeiting;  how  done,  pen- 
alty not  more  than,  imprisonment  how  long. 


LANGUAGE: 


61 


62  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

86.  The  Federal  Courts;  necessary  to  what;  having  what 
two  departments  needs  what  to  preserve  its  peace  and  dig- 
nity;   these  powers  why  necessary,  give  it  what  capacity; 
conflict  with  other  nations,  what  then  befcomes  necessary; 
other  arrangements;  taxing  power  gives  government  what; 
power    to  make    laws  and    compel  obedience   gives  what; 
power  to  make  treaties;  declaring  war  assists  in  maintain- 
ing what. 

II.  POWERS    ESSENTIAL    TO    AN    INDEPENDENT    INTERNA- 

TIONAL  EXISTENCE. 

87.  The  War  Power,  means  what,  how  else,  provides  for 
what;  how  in   1812,  how  in  war  with  Mexico,  how  in  Re- 
bellion; Act  of  July  22,  1861. 

88.  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal,  in  connection  with 
what;    marque  means,  letters  of   marque  means,   reprisal 
means;  vessel  called. 

89.  The  Power  to  Raise  and  Support  Annies;  navy,  nec- 
essary; why  necessary  in  peace,  under  what  control. 

90.  The  Militia,  at  whose  disposal,  who  are  subject  to 
service;    organized  are  called,  how  trained,  not  necessary 
to  do  what;    what  experience  taught   the  framers  of  the 
Constitution,  the  precaution  taken;  what  may  be  done  in 
time  of  need. 

91.  Power  to  Punish  Crimes;    offenses  against  what  on 
the  high  seas;   what  is  piracy,  extended  to  what,  give  an 
instance;  what  is  meant  by  the  high  seas. 

III.  POWERS    ESSENTIAL  TO  A  GENERAL    FEDERAL    GOV- 

ERNMENT. 

92.  Commerce,  necessary  for  what;    chief  cause  of  the 
failure  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  what  was  found  to 
be  the  case  then;  the  jealousy,  the  opinion  when  forming 
a  new  Constitution;  this  power  includes  what,  may  include 
what  else,  keeps  pace  with  what,  extend  from  what  to  what; 
what  is  done  to  make  this  power  of  Congress  more  com- 
plete; tonnage  means;  what  is  forbidden  to  Congress,  what 
of  trade  and  commerce  carried  on  wholly  within  one  State; 
what  is  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act,  when,  provides. 

93.  The  Postal  Service;  what  is  essential  to  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  people,  power  therefor  given  to;  includes,  what 
else  might  legally  come  under  control. 


LANGUAGE. 


64  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

94.  Territories,  who  makes  laws  for,  what  original  ter- 
ritory comes  under  this  exclusive  control;    organized  into 
districts,  gives  what  rights,  consists  of;  what  national  po- 
litical   rights  do   they    not   have,   cannot;    what    delegate; 
when  a  State. 

95.  The,  Admission  of  New  States  given   to;    what   two 
provisions  of  prohibiting;   common  plan,  petition;    "En- 
abling Act,"  authorizes  what;  presented  for  approval;  Con- 
stitution promises  what  to  every  State. 

IV.     MISCELLANEOUS  POWERS. 

96.  Bankruptcy;  laws  by  which  what  may  be  done,  to 
benefit  whom;    how  it  benefits  creditors,  how  debtors;    if 
no  general  law. 

97.  Weights    and    Measures,    never    fully    carried    out; 
adopted  what,  ordered  what  to  be  made;  what  of  the  foot, 
yard,  fathom  and  rod;   coins,  what  system;    legalized  but 
did  not  adopt  what. 

98.  Copyrights  and  Patents,  for  what  purpose;  what  else 
comes  under  this  power. 

99.  Federal  Districts,   used    for  what;    miles,   ceded  by 
whom;  commissioners,   to   do  what,   no  vote;    what  other 
places. 

100.  Impeachments;  who  has  sole  power,  who  are  liable; 
method  similar  to  what. 

101.  Treason;   who  to   punish;   what  shall  not  be  done 
except  during  life  of   the  person  attainted;    punishment; 
cruel  feature  prohibited;  definition  of  treason. 

CHAPTER   XII. 
THE  FEDERAL  EXECUTIVE — The  President. 

102.  The  Executive  Poiuer,  vested  in  whom,  means  what, 
who    else    required;    departments,    these   constitute    what, 
who  responsible,  elected,  heads  of  departments,  represents 
what  in  our  dealings. 

103.  Qualifications;  native  born,  age,  resident  how  long, 
salary  how  fixed. 

104.  Election  of  President   and   Vice- President,   not    di- 
rectly, how,  people  of  each  State,  when,  occurs  how  often; 
after  election  meet  where,  when,  votes  sent  where,  when 
opened,  before  whom  counted;  inaugurated,  when. 


LANGUAGE. 


65 


66  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT.    ' 

105.  Working    of   the    Electoral  System;    departed    from 
what  practice;  not  worked  as  designed,  intention;  national 
conventions  do  what,  later  conventions  do  what;  how  do 
the  electors  have  to  vote;   nominally  voting  for  electors, 
determines,    election    of    President    and    Vice  -  President; 
merely  a  form. 

106.  Election  of  President  by  the  House  of  Representatives, 
if  no  person  receives  a  majority  of  electoral  votes;    how 
voting  under  these  circumstances;  a  quorum  consists,  nec- 
essary to  a  choice. 

107.  Election  of  Vice- President  by  the  Senate,  when,  quo- 
rum, necessary  to  a  choice. 

108.  The   Presidential   Succession,  in    what    cases,   who 
succeeds  him;    in  case  of   his  not  taking,  who  next,  next, 
next;  qualifications. 

109.  Duties  and  Powers  of  the  President,  summed  up  in 
what  words;  duties  not  performed  directly;    Commander- 
in-chief  of  army  and   navy  when;    regulates  foreign  rela- 
tions how,  pardons  except  what,  appoints  whom  with  the 
assent  of  the  Senate,  who  else,  when  vacancies  occur  dur- 
ing recess  of  the  Senate. 

110.  Civil  Service  Appointments;  inferior  offices  not  nec- 
essary to  have  confirming  of  Senate;  exclusively  to  whom; 
what  are  prime  qualifications  for  clerks  in  private,  in   po- 
litical;   Civil  Service  Act  when  and  why  passed,  provides 
for  what,  consists  of;   competitive  examinations;  how  this 
law  affects  clerks. 

111.  Relations  between  the  President  and  Congress;  veto, 
information  of   what,   recommends   what,  by  what  means 
given,  authorized  to  do  what,  when  can  he  adjourn,  how 
may  Congress  override  his  veto;  what  was  the  idea  in  the 
minds  of  the  framers,  suggestions. 

II.     THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENTS. 

112.  The  Cabinet;  how  many  departments,  called,  first; 
Congress,    1798,    1829,    1849,    1889;    how  appointed,   hold 
office  how  long,  responsible  to  whom. 

113.  The  Department  of  State,  presided  over  by  whom, 
duty,  conducts  what  correspondence,  issues  passports,  war- 
rants for  extradition,  charge  of  treaties,   publishes  what, 
keeper  of  what. 


LANGUAGE:  67 


68  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

114.  Treasury  Department,  presided  over  by,  charge  ofy 
plans  for  what,  superintends  collection  of  what,  warrants 
for  appropriations,  supervise  and  regulate  national  banks, 
money. 

115.  The  Department  of  War,  by  whom,  military  forces, 
signal  service,  harbors  and  navigation. 

116.  Department  of  Navy,  whom,   charge   of,   nautical 
charts  and  almanacs. 

117.  The  Department  of  Justice,  by  whom,  suits  in  which 
United  States  is  concerned,  consulted  by  whom,  who  else 
attached. 

118.  Post  Office  Department,  whom,  charge  of,  classifies 
what,  fixes  rates,  postal  arrangements. 

119.  Department    of   Interior,   whom,   when,    land,   In- 
dians,  pensions,    patents,    public    documents,    education, 
census,  railroads,  insane,  etc. 

120.  Department  of  Agriculture,  whom,  duty,  informa- 
tion and  scientific  investigations. 

121.  Department  of  Labor,  duty. 

122.  Interstate    Commerce    Commission,   supervision    of 
what;  duty  to  see  what  laws  carried  out. 

123.  Civil  Service  Commission,  duties. 

124.  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  duty,   increase 
what. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  FEDERAL  JUDICIARY. 

125.  The  Judiciary  of  the  United  States,  consists  of. 

126.  The  Supreme  Court,   consists  of,  meets  when  and 
where,  quorum;  original  jurisdiction  in  what  cases,  others 
come  before   it  how;    when  may  cases  be   appealed  from 
Supreme  Court,  what  of  cases  which  involve  interpretation 
of  the  Constitution. 

127.  Circuit  and  District  Courts;  area  how  divided,  who 
assigned  to  each;  Circuit  Court  consists  of,  circuits  divided; 
some  states,  how  divided;  lowest  Federal  courts,  how  often- 
must   Supreme   Court  Justice  sit  in  each   district,  under 
what  power  established. 

128.  Circuit  and  District  Courts  have  Jurisdiction,  only 
where;  district  courts  have  power  to  try  what  cases,  circuit 
courts  what;  which  can  try  capital  offenses,  lesser  offenses. 


LANGUAGE:  69 


70  FEDERAL    GOVERNMENT. 

129.  Jurisdiction;  nature  of  questions  how  fixed;  classes, 
(1)  because  of  the  nature  of  the  questions  involved,  illustra- 
tions; (2)  because  of  the  nature  of  the  parties  to  the  suit,  in- 
stances. 

130.  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeals,  why  established,  where, 
consist  of,  absent,  meet  how  often. 

131.  Court  of  Claims,  consists  of,  where,   hears  what, 
reports  to  whom. 

132.  All  Federal   Justices    and   Judges    appointed,    how 
long,  removal,  retired  how  and  when,  compensation. 

133.  District  Attorneys  and  Marshals,  where  appointed; 
district  attorney  has  charge  of;    marshal  similar  to,  exe- 
cutes, arrests. 


LANGUAGE:  71 


Part   IV. 
CONSIDERATIONS. 

CHAPTER    XIV. 
CITIZENSHIP,  SUFFRAGE,  AND  ELECTIONS. 

134.  How  Citizenship  is  acquired;    Fourteenth  amend- 
ment declares  what,  two  ways,  what  in  addition  to  birth; 
illustrations;  Indians;  children  of  consuls;  those  gone  to 
foreign  countries. 

135.  Naturalization,  before   whom,  appear   where,  de- 
clare what,  how  long  after,  residence   how  long,  showing 
what,  oath,  witnesses,  children  born  abroad,  of  foreigners 
residing  in  United  States;    when  territory  is  acquired  by 
United  States,  examples. 

136.  Loss  of  Citizenship,  implied,   called  what,  law  of 
Congress  declares  what. 

137.  Citizenship  in  State  and  Nation,  double,  connected 
in  State,  how  in  a  territory,  how  conferred. 

SUFFRAGE. 

138.  Meaning  of  Suffrage;  right,  participate  how,  how 
and  by  whom  conferred;  highest  privilege;  how  in  some 
states;  right  of  suffrage  power  lies  where. 

139.  Qualifications  of  Electors,  prescribed  where,  vary; 
California  how,  ninety  days  prior  to  election;  election  pre- 
cinct thirty  days. 

140.  Persons  excluded  from  Voting;  in  California,  Chi- 
nese, insane,  idiots,  criminals  (women  classed  with  these). 

141.  Conditions  which  shall  not  be  Imposed,  no  property 
qualification;  fifteenth  amendment  provides  what,  to  freed- 
meri  an  equal  right,  applied  only  to  whom,  does  riot  pro- 
hibit what;  how  do  the  laws  now  stand  in  United  States. 

ELECTIONS. 

142.  Political  Parties;    indispensable  how  in  our  coun- 
try, represent  what,  organized  primarily  for  what,  carried 
into  what  divisions,  tendency  is  for  what,  local  reforms. 

143.  Caucus,  Primary  and  Convention;  object  of  polit- 
ical  parties;    nominees,  how    nominated;    delegates,   how 


LANGUAGE: 


73 


74  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

sent  to  conventions,  how  ordinarily,  issues  a  call  for  what; 
meeting  called,  sometimes  does  what;  sometimes  executive 
committee  does  what,  then  what  may  different  factions  of 
the  party  do;  what  do  electors  do,  such  an  election  called, 
each  party. 

144.  Campaign,  after  what,  continues,  consists  of,  "is- 
sues "  agitated. 

145.  Evils  of  Party  Methods;  existence  of  political  par- 
ties  an   evidence  of  what;    organization,   why    necessary; 
evils,  bosses,  buying  of  votes,  treating,  where  prevalent. 

146.  The  Election;  preliminary  proceedings  not  provided 
by  law;  what  does  the  law  provide  for;    general  and  uni- 
form laws. 

147.  Registration,    how    in     California,    before    whom, 
means  what;  neglect  not  allowed  to  vote. 

148.  Balloting  or  Voting;  polls,  under  charge  of  whom; 
ballot,  object  of  the  ballot  system. 

149.  The  California  Ballot  Law,  object,   corrupt   prac- 
tices, secrecy,  Australian  system,  ballots  printed  how,  con- 
tain,   opposite    the    name    of   each    candidate,    ballots    in 
charge  of,  inclosed  space;    marked  how,  if  for  every  can- 
didate; under  whose  supervision;  who  not  allowed  in  bal- 
loting room. 

150.  The  Canvass,  when,  by  whom,  numbers  agree,  show 
what,  disagreeing  show  what;  excess  how  remedied;  local 
how  ended;  if  county  what  is  done,  if  State. 

151.  Number  of  Votes  necessary  for  Election;    plurality, 
means  what;  when  two,  more  than  two. 

152.  Contested  Elections,  how   settled;    in  a  legislative 
office;  who  brings  suit  in  court  of  law;  decision. 

CHAPTER   XV. 
TAXATION. 

153.  Reasons  for  imposing  Taxes,   why    necessary;    in- 
come how  obtained;    how  tax  is  taken,  what  given  in  re- 
turn. 

154.  Purposes  of  Taxation,  must  be  what,  always  alert 
to  see  what. 

155.  Extent  of  Ihe  Power  of  Taxation,  unlimited;  may 
cause  what;    what  done  to  State  banks,  power  resides  in 
both,  what  follows;  otherwise  what  might  result. 


LANGUAGE: 


75 


76  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

156.  Kinds  of  Taxes,  according  to  what;  duties  on  what; 
excises;  direct,  indirect  taxes. 

157.  State    Taxation,   depends  on  what;    poll;  needs  of 
what    minor   divisions,  regulated   by  whom,  collected  by 
whom. 

158.  Assessment   and   Collection    income    required,   how 
determined,  apportioned;    supervisors  do  what,  town  and 
city  authorities;  State  does  not  collect,  who  does;  assessor; 
collector;  two  taxes,  municipal  purposes;  three  taxes. 

159.  Boards  of  Equalization,  ought  to  be,  on  same  basis; 
who  act  as  boards  of  equalization;   variation  in  valuation, 
how  caused,  in  California;  office  how  long,  do  what,  meet- 
ings when,  where,  duty. 

160.  Federal  Taxation. 

CHAPTER   XVI. 
THE  THREE  DEPARTMENTS  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

161.  Division   of  the    Functions  of    Government;    three 
classes,   (1)  legislative,   (2)  executive,    (3)  judicial,    how, 
when  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  one  person;  maxim  of 
political  science;  how  are  liberties  guarded. 

162.  The  Legislative  Department,  recognized  by  Federal 
and  State;    function   of  legislative  branch;    where  is  the 
law-making  body;  Congress  established;  State  legislatures, 
pass  laws,  three  exceptions. 

163.  Division  of  the  Legislature,   why,   different,   more 
numerous,  shorter  term,  both   divided,  Congress,  Senate, 
elected,  term;  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  pop- 
ulation,   elected,   term;    State    Legislature    of    California, 
Senate,   forty,   elected,   term;    Assembly,   eighty,    elected, 
term;  measures  must  pass  both,  purpose  of  this. 

164.  Executive  Department;  legislature  does  not  execute 
laws,  who  does;  discussing  and  framing,  why  done  by  large 
number  of  members,  why  enforcing  by  single  officer;  na- 
tional, State,  city. 

165.  The  Judicial  Department;  purpose  of  laws  made  by 
legislature,  defining  and  regulating,  defining  and  punish- 
ing what;    authorities  for  what  purpose,  decide  what;  in- 
quiry into  the  meaning  of  what,  applying  to/what,  decid- 
ing controversies,  administering  justice;  interpreting  law 
belong  to  whom,  consists  of. 


LANGUAGE: 


77 


78  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

166.  Unconstitutional    Legislation,    what    are    supreme, 
Congress  may  pass  only  upon;    legislature  of   State,   how 
restrained;  what  have  courts  to  decide;  when  inconsistent, 
called  what. 

CHAPTER    XVII. 
THE  NATURE  OF  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT. 

167.  Local  Self -Government,  what  is  the  distinguishing 
mark  of  American  form  of  government;  people  as  a  whole 
have  the  ultimate  power  and  authority,  how  limited;  what 
has  been  provided  for  by  states;    people  of  each  county, 
township  or  city  do  what;  to  whom  are  these  local  officers 
responsible. 

168.  Local  Divisions  of  the  State;  names  differ;  all  into 
counties;    Louisiana,   California;    subdivisions  of  county; 
incorporated    cities    and  towns,  sometimes    absorbed,   in- 
clude  several   towns  within   its    borders;    San   Francisco, 
how  consolidated. 

169.  Duties    of   Local    Government;    administration    of 
what,    except    what;    licensing;    taxes;    public    buildings; 
protection  and   improvement  of   citizens,   how  regulated. 

170.  Methods    of    Local    Government,    accordance    with 
what,  why  not  specially  divided  into  legislative,  executive 
and  judicial;  legislation  already  accomplished,  how;  judi- 
cial officers  a  part  of  what;  principle  of  local  self-govern- 
ment how  carried  out,  most  of  the  duties  are  what  in  char- 
acter;   what  are   the   legislative   bodies   of  local  divisions 
called,  have  authority  to  do  what;    laws  called,  not  incon- 
sistent. 

CHAPTER    XVIII. 

THE  NATURE  OF  STATE  GOVERNMENT. 

171.  Position  of  the  States  in  the  Federal   Union,  recog- 
nized what,  adopted  what,  provided  for  what;    increased 
to  forty-lour;  tenth  amendment,  declares  what,  such  pow- 
ers are  necessary  for  what;    those  prohibited  to  the  states, 
why,  all  others  how. 

172.  Powers  Prohibited  to  the  States;  treaty,  marque  and 
reprisal,  coin,  credit,  gold  and  silver,  bill  of  attainder,  ex 
post  facto,  contracts,  nobility  without  consent  of  Congress 


LANGUAGE. 


80  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

cannot,   duties,   troops,   enter   into   agreement,  engage  in 
war. 

173.  Powers  Reserved  to  the  States;    vast  prerogatives  of 
State  legislatures;    civil   and   religious  rights;    education, 
suffrage,  marriage,  master  and  servant,  business  transac- 
tions, partnership,  insurance,  corporations,  contract  rela- 
tions;   criminal   laws,    except   what;    sovereign    character 
maintained  by  State  is  shown  how. 

174.  State  Constitutions,  powers',  constitution  how  form- 
ed,  submitted,    will   of    people;    framework,   provides  for 
what,  enumerates  what,  prescribes  what,  organizes  what. 

CHAPTER   XIX. 

THE    FORM  AND    NATURE  OF  GOVERNMENT    IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

175.  Meaning  of  Government,  is  what;  by  this  we  mean 
what. 

176.  Different  Forms  of  Government;  number,  how  dis- 
tinguished;   monarchy   how,  aristocracy   how,   democracy 
how. 

177.  A  Representative    Democracy  or    Republic;    United 
States    is   which    form;    conduct    of    general    affairs   with 
whom,  impossible  to  do  what,  consequently;    representa- 
tive democracy,  means  what,  work  of  carrying  on  where; 
agents  responsible. 

178.  A  Federal  Republic;   division  of  labor  in  govern- 
ment; existence  of  states,  what  two  supplement  each  other, 
how;  State  affairs  do  not  concern;   national  powers  where, 
State  where;  forty-four  states,  one  national;    new  charac- 
ter, how  expressed,  signifies  what,  how;  complete  descrip- 
tion of  our  form  of  government;    democracy  means,  how, 
why;  agents  in  Federal  government,  in  State,  what  is  not 
meant,  what  is  meant  by  Federal  Republic. 

179.  The  Union  Indestructible;  how  if  State  governments 
are  taken  away;    states  as  making  up  Union  cannot  exist 
except  how;    people  of  all  the  states  have  declared  what, 
local  affairs  left  to  whom,  perpetuity  guaranteed;  preserva- 
tion of  states,  what  Supreme  Court  of  United  States  has 
said. 


LANGUAGE. 


81 


82  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

CHAPTER   XX. 

THE     ELEMENTS    OF    CIVIL     LIBERTY  --  THE     RELATIONS 
BETWEEN   THE   GOVERNMENT   AND  THE   INDIVIDUAL. 

180.  Rights  and   Duties  between   Individuals;    primary 
function  of  government,  must  require  what,  such  duties 
as  are  a  condition  of  what;    society  founded  on,  supposi- 
tion; obligations  negative,  how;    if  trespasses,  what  must 
correct. 

181.  Rights  and  Duties  between  Government  and  Individ- 
uals; institution  for,  relation,  between  whom,  how. 

182.  Rights  of  Government;    taxes,  duty,  demand  serv- 
ices; moral  obligation,  how  and  when  shown. 

183.  Duties  of  the  Government,  what  assurance,  protect- 
ing against   whom,   how   in   this   country  compared  with 
others. 

HISTORY  OF  PERSONAL  RIGHTS  IN  ENGLAND. 

184.  Relation   between   English    and   American    History; 
connected,  Atlantic  seaboard,  forefathers,  roots  in  English 
history,  why  tree  of  freedom  has  withstood  storms. 

185.  The  Chief  Personal  Rights;    personal  security,  lib- 
erty, property, 'religious  belief  and  worship. 

186.  Tendency  of  Government  to  become  Tyrannical;  ob- 
ject, tendency,  shown  where,  kings,  people's  claims. 

187.  Restraints  upon  the  Government;  first  climax  when, 
beginning  with;  written  acknowledgments,  what  these  are; 
realty  what. 

188.  Magna  Charta,  from  whom,  when,  by  whom,  not 
high   enough  to  do   what;    no  tax   without  what,   council 
grew  to  what;   power  of  taxation,  key  to  what,  taxes  to  be 
levied  how,  violation;  merchants  allowed,  freemen,  dispo- 
sal of  property,  king's  officers  prohibited,  courts  of  justice, 
open   to   every  one,  not  on  trial  unjustly,  excessive  fines, 
tried  by  peers,  later  kings  compelled  to  ratify,  form  basis 
of  what,  subsequent,  petition,  habeas  corpus,  bill  of  rights, 
Act  of  settlement. 

189.  The  Petition  of  Right,  when,  declared  what;  taxes; 
trials;  overthrown. 

190.  Habeas   Corpus   Act,    how   disregarded,   to   correct 
what,  provided  what;  judge  examines,  decision,  set  free. 


LANGUAGE:  83 


84  GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 

191.  The  Bill  of  Rights  and  Act  of  Settlement,  when,  re- 
peated. 

192.  America  learns  England's  Lesson;    Constitution  of 
England,  in  colonies,  how  when  independent. 

PROTECTION  OF  PERSONAL  RIGHTS  IN  UNITED  STATES. 

193.  Constitutional  Guarantees;  reinforced;  Constitution 
of  California,  declares  what;  Federal. 

194.  Rights  of  Personal  Security,  includes  what,  not  de- 
prived, means;  how  in  criminal,  informed,  witnesses,  ex- 
cessive bail,  cruel  and  unusual  punishment;  twice  in  jeop- 
ardy, means. 

195.  Right  of  Personal  Liberty,  means,  redress;  further 
means  of  securing,  Constitution  upholds  what  right. 

196.  Bills  of  Attainder;  forbidden,  where  common,  what 
they  are,  stain  on;  such  proceedings  belong  to  whom,  why 
cannot  give  fair  trial. 

197.  Ex  post  Facto  Laws,  forbidden,  what  they  do. 

198.  Right    to    Reputation,    protect    what,    guaranteed; 
slander  or  libel. 

199.  Right  of  Religious  Belief;    non- sectarian,  no  spe- 
cial favors. 

200.  Right  of  Private  Property;  prohibitions  of  Federal 
and  State;  acquire  and  dispose  of. 

201.  Taxation  and  Eminent  Domain,  subject  to;    latter 
means;  public  use,  paid. 

202.  The   Inviolability  of   Private    Contracts    prohibits, 
means,  revoke  grant  of  land. 

203.  General  Warrants;  what  prohibited,  how;  English 
principle;  protection  of  correspondence. 

204.  Rights  of  Citizens  of  one  State  in  other  States;  equal 
rights,  respect  of  judicial  acts,  discriminations. 


LANGUAGE: 


85 


i  UNIVERSITY 


. 


